In a quest to maintain relevance on the global stage, both major and minor powers are eagerly pursuing the acquisition of cutting-edge technology. However, the emergence of autonomous weapons, devoid of human oversight, presents a formidable challenge. Advocates argue that these technologies serve as ‘enablers’ and ‘force multipliers’ for a state’s military capabilities, both conventional and nuclear. Yet, the absence of human control raises profound moral, legal, and ethical concerns.
Recent reports suggest that Ukrainian drone company, Sakar, has successfully deployed fully autonomous weapons programmed to make battlefield decisions independently. This development underscores the urgent need for stringent regulations governing the use of such technologies. The failure to do so risks unintended casualties and escalating tensions between military adversaries, especially in scenarios where autonomous weapons cannot distinguish between combatants and non-combatants.
In the contemporary landscape, the acquisition of advanced technology is deemed essential for maintaining international dominance. States prioritize technologies that offer military advantages over potential adversaries and invest in developing countermeasures to offset any perceived threats. However, this perpetuates an unending arms race in emerging technologies, with lagging states facing potential repercussions due to what is termed as ‘technological opportunism.’
As automated technologies become integrated into military and nuclear deterrent forces, concerns mount regarding the timing and nature of regulatory measures. Despite the imperative to address these issues promptly, the complexities involved may hinder the swift establishment of legally binding treaties prohibiting the use of autonomous weapons. Historical precedents, such as the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Chemical/Biological Weapons Convention, underscore the challenges of achieving consensus among states.
The regulation of autonomous weapons must begin with major powers taking the lead. Declarations by the US and UK in 2022, favoring human-in-the-loop decision-making for nuclear weapons, set a precedent for others to follow. It is imperative that major powers prioritize human involvement in regulating the automation of emerging technologies.
Effective regulation should not only focus on best practices for accessing and deploying autonomous weapons but also ensure the protection of non-combatants during military crises. Rules governing the fielding of autonomous weapons must be devised in a controlled manner to prevent accidents and miscalculations between rival states. Reports of AI-driven automation across various domains, including sea, ground, and air programs, highlight the potential risks associated with unchecked technological advancement.
In conclusion, the regulation of emerging technologies through legally and politically binding treaties is indispensable for maintaining global security and stability. Delaying regulatory action risks exacerbating an arms race, increasing crisis instability, and heightening the risk of conflict among rival states.
*MooL Raj is a columnist and freelance writer specializing in security and technology issues.*
